What Is a Penwiper? A Victorian Desk Accessory

A penwiper is an accessory designed to clean excess ink from the nib of a dip or fountain pen. Before modern writing tools, these items were a standard feature on writing desks, ensuring a clean nib for precise handwriting. These objects were produced in a vast array of styles, ranging from purely functional to highly decorative.

The Purpose of a Penwiper

The need for a penwiper stemmed from the mechanics of early pens, as dip pens retained a surplus of ink on the nib. If not removed, this excess ink could cause blots on paper and result in messy script. Wiping the nib after each use prevented ink from drying and clogging the slit in the nib, which was important for an even flow of ink. This practice also extended the life of the nib, keeping it ready for its next use.

Common Forms and Materials

The most basic form consisted of several layers of absorbent fabric, like felt or chamois leather, stacked together. These layers were cut into circles or squares and held with a brass brad or a stitch. The fabrics chosen were dark to hide ink stains.

More ornamental penwipers incorporated the wiping element into a larger base made from cast iron, bronze, or porcelain. Novelty shapes were popular, with figures of animals like dogs or cats being common. In these designs, stiff bristles set into the metal base would represent the animal’s fur.

Other forms included miniature sculptures of household objects, such as a small boot scraper. Many were also homemade, showcasing skills in knitting and embroidery. These handmade versions could be shaped like butterflies or flowers, turning a practical tool into personal art.

A Brief History

The penwiper was a standard writing accessory throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, when dip pens were the primary tool for writing. During the Victorian era, a penwiper was a standard component of any well-equipped writing desk.

The decline of the penwiper began with more advanced writing technologies. The popularization of the self-regulating fountain pen, which held its own ink reservoir, reduced the constant need for manual wiping.

The penwiper’s obsolescence came with the mass adoption of the ballpoint pen in the mid-20th century. This new pen used a thick, oil-based ink and a rolling ball mechanism that did not require cleaning. As dip and traditional fountain pens became niche items, the penwiper faded from the everyday desk.

Collecting Antique Penwipers

Antique penwipers are appreciated by collectors as historical artifacts. Their value and desirability are determined by several factors:

• The rarity of a particular design, as unique shapes are more sought after.
• The condition of the item, especially the state of the original wiping material.
• The materials used, as detailed bronze is considered more valuable than cast iron.
• The maker, with signed pieces from known manufacturers commanding higher interest.

These items can be found in antique shops, online marketplaces, and estate sales. They are collected for their charm, craftsmanship, and the story they tell about the art of writing before the digital age.