How to Grow and Care for a Catus (Cactus Plant)

Cacti are hardy, water-storing plants recognizable by their distinctive shapes and spines. Their reputation as low-maintenance houseplants has contributed to their popularity, with a wide array of forms and textures available.

Cactus Care Fundamentals

Light

Cacti require a significant amount of light to flourish. A south or west-facing window provides the bright, direct sunlight that many species need. If your home lacks a sufficiently bright spot, you can supplement natural light with a grow light.

Water

Use the “soak and dry” method, allowing the soil to dry out completely before watering again. Cacti require more frequent watering during their active growing season in spring and summer than in their dormant period. When you water, do so thoroughly and allow all excess water to drain from the pot.

Soil

A well-draining cactus or succulent potting mix is necessary to prevent water from lingering around the roots. You can purchase pre-made mixes or create your own by amending standard potting soil with materials like sand, perlite, or pumice to enhance drainage.

Temperature and Humidity

Most cacti thrive in the warm, dry conditions common in homes, preferring temperatures between 65 and 80°F. While they tolerate cooler nighttime temperatures, they should be kept above 50°F. Their preference for low humidity means they do not require special accommodations in most households.

Fertilizer

During their growing season in the spring and summer, cacti benefit from regular feeding. A diluted, balanced, low-nitrogen fertilizer can be applied every 4 to 6 weeks. No fertilizer is needed during the dormant fall and winter months.

Common Types of Cacti

Many species are suitable as houseplants, including:

• Bunny Ears Cactus (Opuntia microdasys): Known for its pad-like segments covered in fine, hair-like spines.
• Barrel Cactus (Echinocactus grusonii): Features a classic ribbed, spherical shape and appreciates bright, direct light.
• Christmas Cactus (Schlumbergera bridgesii): A tropical cactus that prefers more humidity and less direct sunlight than its desert relatives.
• Fairy Castle Cactus (Acanthocereus tetragonus): Features multiple stems of varying heights that resemble castle turrets.

Potting and Repotting a Cactus

Repotting is necessary every 2 to 4 years, or when the plant has become root-bound. The best time to repot is during the active growing season. A container with drainage holes is required, and unglazed terracotta pots are a good option as they allow moisture to evaporate.

When handling a spiny cactus, protect your hands by wrapping the plant in newspaper or a thick cloth. Gently remove the cactus from its old pot and inspect the roots for disease or pests. Place the plant in a slightly larger pot with fresh cactus soil.

After repotting, wait about a week before watering to allow any damaged roots to heal. Place the newly potted cactus in a location with bright, indirect sunlight to help it acclimate.

Identifying and Solving Common Problems

One of the most frequent issues is a mushy base and root rot, almost always caused by overwatering. The base of the plant will become soft and may turn brown or black. If caught early, you may save the plant through propagation, but it is often fatal.

A wrinkled or shriveling body is a sign of underwatering, as the plant uses its water stores. A thorough watering should help it plump back up. Be sure to let the soil dry out completely before watering again.

Pests like mealybugs and spider mites can also be a problem. Mealybugs look like small, white, cottony masses. Treat them by dabbing the pests with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol or by using an insecticidal soap. Quarantining new plants can help prevent their spread.

If your cactus is stretching or leaning towards a window, it is not getting enough light. This phenomenon, known as etiolation, results in thin, pale new growth. The solution is to move the plant to a brighter location with more direct sunlight.

The Cactus and Succulent Connection

The terms “cactus” and “succulent” can be confusing, but the relationship is simple: all cacti are succulents, but not all succulents are cacti. A succulent is any plant that stores water in its leaves, stems, or roots to survive dry environments.

Cacti belong to a specific plant family (Cactaceae) and are distinguished from other succulents by the presence of areoles. These are small, cushion-like bumps on the plant’s surface from which spines, flowers, and branches grow. The presence of areoles is the primary biological distinction.